The application layer is the top layer in the TCP/IP reference model.
When the
ISO developed the OSI Reference Model, the application layer functions were
divided into three separate, more detailed layers. Although the OSI version is
more detailed, it is more common to refer to the application layer of TCP/IP
since it is more encompassing.
Most of the application layer protocols
provide user services. Application layer protocols are typically used for
network management, file transfer, distributed file services, terminal
emulation, and electronic mail.
However, new
user services are often added (for example, VPNs, VoIP, and so on).
The
most widely known and implemented TCP/IP application layer protocols are listed
below:
-
Telnet enables users to establish terminal session connections with
remote hosts.
-
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) supports the exchanging of text,
graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files on the World Wide Web.
-
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) performs interactive file transfers
between hosts.
-
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) performs basic interactive
file transfers typically between hosts and networking devices (for example,
routers, switches, and so on).
-
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) supports basic message delivery
services.
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Post Office Protocol (POP) is used to connect to mail servers and
download e-mail.
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Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is used to collect
management information from network devices.
-
Domain Name Service (DNS) maps IP addresses to the names assigned to
network devices. Commonly called name service.
-
Network File System (NFS) enables computers to mount drives on
remote hosts and operate them as if they were local drives. Originally
developed by Sun Microsystems, it combines with two other application layer
protocols, external data representation (XDR), and remote-procedure call (RPC),
to allow transparent access to remote network resources.
Other application layer protocols are listed below.
-
Finger – User Information Protocol
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IMAP4 – Internet Message Access Protocol
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IPDC – IP Device Control
-
ISAKMP – Internet Security Association and Key Management
Protocol
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LDAP – Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
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NTP – Network Time Protocol
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POP3 – Post Office Protocol version 3
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RLOGIN – Remote Login
-
RTSP – Real-time Streaming Protocol
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SCTP – Stream Control Transmission Protocol
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S-HTTP – Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol
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SLP – Service Location Protocol
-
TFTP – Trivial File Transfer Protocol
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WCCP – Web Cache Coordination Protocol
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These and other network applications use the services of TCP/IP and
other lower-layer Internet protocols to provide users with basic network
services.